i agree with theory 3, and i’ll add that maybe he has the tatoo of i did it removed so he has something to live for. Only way for it at all to make sense

I thought it was theory 3 at first, but it can’t be.

Lenny remembers everything before the incident. Therefore he would remember that his wife is diabetic, he would have been administrating the insulin for years if she was.

However towards the end of the movie (beginning of the storyline…) Teddy tells Lenny his wife was diabetic, and Lenny didn’t remember this. If it was true, he would have remembered this. How he could he forget?

Even if he wanted to forget this fact to remove himself from the potential truth that he killed his own wife, he wouldn’t be able to, how can you remind yourself to forget something if you don’t remember in the first place! You can only delude yourself if you remember to!

Also Lenny ‘remembers’ Sammy with complete detail, it’s not written down, he remembers it.

If Lenny is Sammy, and he has overlayed his own terrible actions of over dosing his wife onto a fictional character of Sammy, then how would he remember this fictional character / story? He would’ve ‘invented’ Sammy after the incident as a scapegoat for his own actions, but he couldn’t of invented someone after the incident, he wouldn’t be able to remember it without it being written down.

If he created this story to make himself feel better and let himself off the hook, he would of had to of done this after the incident, which is impossible, he is incapable of holding new memories after the incident.

Even if Sammy did exist to a certain point, but just didn’t have a wife (as some articles have suggested) and Lenny has just moved the killing of his wife at his own hands, onto Sammy’s similar life story to rid himself from guilt, i still don’t understand how he would be capable of doing that without the capability of remembering anything after the incident.

It suggests he is able to manipulate his memories to suit himself even after the incident, i can’t see how this is possible if you can’t hold onto any new memories.

I think ultimately, part of the magic of this film is that there can truly never be an answer other than sitting down and getting one from the Nolan brothers themselves. I would like to state that Claire argued some very excellent points – but I am curious as to what she thinks about this: Leonard states repeatedly that he is disciplined, and learns from habit, repetiion; he relies on instinct. He repeatedly states throughout the film that he pursues John G. because he “destroyed my ability (Leonard’s ability) to live”. Is it not possible that Leonard, over time, adapated to the situation, in order to give his life purpose? Much like at some point, Leonard purposely made the decision to alter the police file? Also, consider the fact that this is very similar to the decision Leonard makes to make Teddy into his John. G. – If Leonard’s conscious mind and conscience are capable of ignoring his inate morality in order to justify his purpose and give meaning to his existance and actions, is it not both possible and probable that Leonard’s subconscious is capable of this as well?

While I tend to accept Leonard’s memory as accurate for the most part, I should point out Leonard’s monologue during which he repeatedly states to Teddy the many inadequacies of memory. Perhaps the purpose of that scene is to suggest to us all that the past as Leonard recalls it is suspect in a major way?

I was extremely glad to stumble across this page, as I just watched this film with my roommate who has never seen it – it is great to know that people are still as into this movie as I am – And this post is so current too!

In any case, I choose to believe the following, drawing from the theories posted here, researching the internet, and reading the original short story: Memento Mori by Jonathan Nolan, and from my own opinions regarding this movie:

Sammy was real. He was a faking his disease, and Lenny denied his claim.

At some point, Lenny and his wife were attacked by two men, one of them being John G. Lenny killed the first man and was injured, during the ‘incident’.

Lenny’s wife survived the attack. Eventually, his wife is killed by an accidental overdose of insulin administered by Lenny.

Lenny is institutionalized as a result of this, declared mentally incompetent.

[From this point, past his wife's death, is where I choose to believe what many of you may perhaps think is questionable. I am really curious as to what thoughts you all might have.]

Lenny is somewhat completely unable to cope with the situation. Constantly becoming aware, he is stricken with dealing with the severe emotional trauma caused upon him by his wife’s death. He comes to, periodically in the institution, starts questioning where his wife is – what has happened to her – where is he – what happened after the attack? After countless sessions of having the truth revealed to him, dealing with the grief, etc., he eventually starts to adapt through habit, similar in concept to how the doctors Lenny had hired to test Sammy were testing him – Lenny eventually learned to avoid the electrified objects. Rather than dealing with the emotions of his wife’s death, possibly with the guilt that he killed her himself (assuming the physicians continued to go through the assumed difficulty of explaining this to him roughly every thirty minutes), he simply redirected it – channeling it into revenge, warping his memory, distorting his recollections.

Based off of the various ideas that Leonard states throughout the film, it is not that difficult to make the assumption that Leonard himself adapted psychologically, as well as physically, to his condition, and the emotional trauma inflicted upon him by his wife’s death. All the pieces are there, stated by the main character himself. Eventually, it simply isn’t as bad. He learns to not question where his wife is. He learns not to reach over to her side of the bed. He learns not to miss her. He eventually becomes callous.

This is even suggested during the meeting between Leonard and Natalie, consider when Natalie asks Leonard to tell him about his wife again. Natalie quickly stops Leonard, asking that he not simply ‘recite’ lines, that he actually think back and describe what he recalls.

To me, this strongly suggests that Leonard has clearly learned over time to suppress his grief and pain, or to at least not question or pursue them. He says himself, that the truth for someone with his conditionis that sometimes you feel guilty, or angry or scared – and you simply don’t know why. But Leonard, through habit and instinct – has simply learned to press on – to move forward. He simply keeps moving, never stopping long enough to allow himself to become swept up in emotion – he is a man who has learned to run from the past through instinct, rather than selfish compulsion.

Another thing which is unclear to me, is just how bad Teddy actually was. In continuting my thoughts on this movie, I’ll start to address Teddy’s character.

Leonard at some point overcomes his emotions and begins to plot for his wife’s ‘vengence’, choosing to believe (much like he chose Teddy to be his John G., in order to give himself purpose) that John G. BOTH raped and killed his wife, rather than just having participated in her rape. [Please note, that I am choosing to accept that Leonard's recollection of the past is for the most part, accurate - with the fabrication that his wife died in the attack, and removing from his memory the fact that his wife was a diabetic (the scenes where Leonard is shown administering a insulin shot to her leg, and then the quickly shown following scene where he is pinching it).]

Leonard at some point obtains a police file regarding his wife’s death from Teddy. I am not sure if this is prior to his escaping the asylum, or after.

Leonard escapes from the asylum at some point, with or without the assistance of Teddy.

Teddy’s motivations are clearly self motivated, but what is unclear is just how long they have been working together. Is Teddy’s shady business simply a one time thing, or has be been carefully maneuvering Leonard for possibly years, from place to place, using his police connections in order to keep him hidden and off the radar to further his own agenda? (Please note, that I am not sure if Teddy is actually an active police officer, if he is truly under cover, or if he is simply a fake himself…)

It should be noted that Teddy is very like the following:

Extremely concerned about getting to the Jaguar for the money.
Concerned about Leonard leaving town because it isn’t safe (I choose to accept because Leonard being in one place for too long tends to lead up to the gradual reveal of Teddy behind the scenes, as Natalie had started to hear his name around, and clearly Jimmy knew and dealt with him – perhaps others [remember that Teddy, clearly concerned, looked to the Innkeeper for a look of recognition, concerned that he might have overheard Leonard address him as 'Officer Gamell']).

Generally acting in the best interests of Leonard, as both of their paths tend to wind up beneficial – Lenny gets to live his romantic quest while Teddy, stuck yes with cleaning up the mess, gets to reap the rewards.

Teddy supplies Leonard with money and supplies while manipulating him via telephone and in-person conversations.

Teddy has been using Leonard for some time and has become quite used to dealing with his condition. I noted that he essentially brushed off the fact Lenny hit him over the head at the midpoint chronologically.

In any case, these are some of my thoughts. I think I’ve rambled on a bit, and am tired so I think I’ll wait to see if any of you want to discuss this film further.

If you haven’t read it yet, I suggest you read the original short story.

http://www.impulsenine.com/homepage/pages/shortstories/memento_mori.htm

I like Josh’s theory. I’m having trouble making sense of Natalie’s role in the movie though. When he pulls up in Jimmy’s car, she mistook him for Jimmy. Then again in the bar when he explains the note on the coaster and says he found it in his pocket she sarcastically says “yeah, your pocket.” She clearly must know that he had a hand in Jimmy’s death, but she never says anything. Also, Teddy had been in the bar talking to her about Lenny, and when she gave Lenny the information on John Gammel she said she had seen him in the bar before, so she obviously made that connection. Does she know its Teddy?

Ethan,
Obviously the reason Natalie mistook him for Jimmy was because he was wearing Jimmie’s clothes, had his car, Etc. Natalie obviously knew that something went down, but there was no skin off her noes as Jimmy was obviously a bad guy and she wasn’t exactly Lilly White herself and was definitely gaming Lenny – maybe for the trunk stash? Even if she wasn’t after anything she was definitely using Lenny for her own purposes… possible playing the Teddy angle?

Taylor

In terms of Natalie’s role, one could conclude that Natalie knew about the stash the whole time and was working with Teddy to acquire it. Teddy and Natalie were together using Lenny to kill off Jim/get rid of Dodd. But then, Natalie uses Lenny to get rid of Teddy in hopes of getting the money herself at one point in time. Teddy, while working with Natalie, was still suspicious of her so he tried to make sure Lenny did not trust Natalie, but Lenny could read through it. This would explain her not saying anything when we wound up in Jim’s car/clothes, because she had known he would be involved in the killing.

Its also possible that it was Lenny/Natalie helping him redirect his memory and creating this story, to give his life purpose and cope with the pain of his wife’s death, similar to how the physicians tried with Sammy, all with the idea of using him for their own gain.

This likely has holes in it that I am not addressing, but maybe it could explain Natalie’s role a little more.

Another minor detail I found troubling was Lenny stated there is nothing he can trust more than his own handwriting. However, the note he found in his pocket to meet Natalie in the bar was Jimmie’s handwriting, and not his own, yet he went to the bar. My question is did Lenny think it was he that was supposed to meet Natalie or did he just go to the bar?

Chase,

I’m not sure if your 15 minute theory (for turning back Sammy’s wife’s watch) should hold much weight.

I’m not Diabetic, but I used to inject myself daily with a medication that was freeze-dried. If I remember correctly, it took about half an hour, but I had to re-constitute the medication from the powder. Just the time to go to the refrigerator and get the insulin, get a syringe, the swabs alcohol, etc. arranged would take more than five minutes, I think. If she left a few minutes for him forget (I’ve only seen it once.) I can imagine it being more than ten minutes easily.

To me the fifteen minutes seems reasonable, but I think that a diabetic person would be able to give a much clearer take on how reasonable fifteen minutes is.

Mubashwer

I don’t buy the disease as a vector theory. If VD predictably caused this type of amnesia, we’d all be familiar with it – it would be a part of our folklore. I learned of this type of amnesia from reading Oliver Sachs, as a very rare condition – but they have clinics specifically for treating VD!

I’d like to share my theory with you all, as I think I have a couple of new things to consider. I’ve just watched the movie for the 1st and 2nd time in the last 2 days, so it is pretty fresh in my mind. The following conclusions make up the heart of my theory. I will omit conclusions taken from Jonathan Nolan’s official website, since there is debate of whether or not it is truly official.

1. All of the flashback’s and Lenny’s memories can’t be completely trusted. Some of them are tainted.
2. Every color scene in the main storyline that we see reflects what actually happened during those moments.
3. Lenny’s wife survived the attack.
4. There were 2 attackers.
5. Lenny’s wife did have diabetes, and Lenny administered the accidental overdose that led to her coma, and eventual death.
6. Teddy did help Lenny kill the second attacker (over a year ago).

For the statements above to hold any weight, you have to agree with my next conclusion: Lenny is not able to successfully condition himself to remember things at a behavioral/instinctual/primal level. However, he is able to condition himself to taint his existing memories that occurred before the incident through repetition.

With respect to Lenny’s inability to condition himself at a instinctual level, the primary evidence for this comes from a very subtle queue when Lenny enters the Discount Inn. As he is entering the building, we see him push the door to open it before noticing that he must pull the door open. Remember, Burt admits to Lenny that he rented him the original room the week before. So in at least over 1 week’s time, Lenny has entered the Discout Inn enough times that he should instinctively know by now that he has to pull the door to open it instead of pulling it. In the same way that Lenny said Sammy couldn’t condition himself at a primal level to avoid the electric shocks, Lenny cannot condition himself in that way either. As Lenny himself stated in Sammy’s case, that means the disability is psychological/mental, and not physical. This is a very powerful revelation in helping to understand the movie.

Even though we now know that Lenny cannot condition himself to form new memories (primal or otherwise), we are constantly reminded that he has been trying to do this nonetheless. He has a tattoo on his chest that says “condition yourself.” He has another tattoo that says “learn by repeating.” Lenny says that he “uses habit and routine to make his situation work.” Hard as he may try though, he is unsuccessful at it.

Now lets consider the notion that Lenny has also been conditioning himself to alter his existing memories. There is an obvious reason why he would want/need to do this. In a moment of realization that he actually killed his wife, Lenny must have thought that the grief was too unbearable. If he goes on remembering that she survived the attack, but is still not in his life, then that would only confuse or sadden him. A more convenient memory of her last days would be that she died at the hands of another, and that his life could have meaning if he avenged her. In an effort to do this, Lenny has conditioned himself to alter several memories. He alters any prevalent memories of him administering insulin to her, as well as the memory of her eye blinking and her breathing after the attack. As Lenny mentioned to Teddy, memory is unreliable…colors can change. The alteration of these memories support his new crusade. Lastly, he alters his memories of Sammy as well.

There is further support that this is what Lenny is doing when he and Teddy are having their heated exchange. Below are a couple key statements.

Teddy tells Lenny “you don’t want the truth. You make up your own truth. Like the police file. It was full when I gave it to you.”

Teddy: So you lie to yourself to be happy. There’s nothing wrong with that. We all do it. Who cares if there’s a few little details you’d rather not remember.
Lenny: What are you talking about.
Teddy: I don’t know. Your wife surviving the assault. Her not believing your condition. The torment and pain and anguish tearing her up inside. The insulin.
Lenny: That’s Sammy not me.
Teddy: Oh, yeah, like you tell yourself over and over again. Conditioning yourself to remember. Learning through repetition.

This ability to alter existing memories can also explain the fantasy of Lenny lying in bed with his wife with the tattoo on his chest. That moment may have actually happened when she was alive, but he is probably trying to condition himself to envision the tattoo so that he can finally move on.

Even if you don’t belive everything Teddy says, you can’t complete discount everything. Throughout the movie, there is a lot of consistency, and many themes are repeated. Among these is the theme that all of the key characters (Teddy, Natalie, Burt, and Lenny himself) have both dishonest as well as truthful exchanges with him. They all manipulate him, but they all also have moments where they are also honest with him.

There are a couple of other interesting things that I’ve noticed in the film. The first has to do with the fact that sometimes, people in the movie call Leonard “Lenny,” even though he does not like it, and other times they call him “Leonard.” Given my notion that Nolan is very deliberate, I’m still struggling to make a connection to what people call Leonard, and when. I originally thought that maybe it could be correlated to “truthful” encounters or statements to Leonard, or perhaps as an attempt to establish trust in him to manipulate him, but it seems to be somewhat inconsistent.

The last thing that I’ll leave you with is the irony that I noticed from one of Lenny’s memories. Consider the following exchange between Lenny and his wife when she’s reading the book:

Lenny: How can you read that again?
Catherine: It’s good
Lenny: Yeah, but you read it like a thousand times
Catherine: I enjoy it
Lenny: I always thought the pleasure of a book was in wanting to know what happens next?
Catherine: Look, don’t be a prick! I’m not reading it to annoy you. I enjoy it. Just let me read.

There is an obvious parallel between Catherine’s desire to re-read a book that she enjoyed (and already knows the ending to), and Lenny’s desire to continually re-avenge his wife’s death (even when he knows he has already avenged her). Although it originally seemed like a silly and trite thing to do by Lenny, he now finds himself exhibiting the same type of behavior. The only difference is, Lenny has the unique ability to not simply pretend that he doesn’t already know the outcome, but to forget the outcome and experience it all over again. Perhaps this was Nolan’s attempt to provoke us to think about what we truly value in life. Is it comfort in knowing that in the end, everything will be ok, or the actual journey of getting there that we value more?

Great stuff, what about the brown-ish shoes(Jimmy’s shoes? or Lenny’s old shoes, because Lenny is wearing Jimmy’s clothes?) Teddy matches over his own shoes, I haven’t had the chance to see if Teddy wears them in the rest of the chronology, but why would he match them? We know he wants the money from the car, but shoes?

I just realised that the copy I have must have bits missing out of it, so no wonder it’s making less sense than it should! Have to get a new copy and try to make better sense of it all.

Tony W.

exactly the conclusions that I have come to as well. It is easy to try to twist it even more, but Teddy is telling the truth at the end (beginning). Then Lenny goes on to tell us that he is making Teddy his John G. That he does indeed lie to himself to be happy. The wife’s survival, the “accdental” insulin overdoese etc, all were Lenny and he has lied to himeslef, changed his mind to live with himself.

I agree with John (and it’s the same for Inception).
If it was perfectly done, constructed, wanted, all theories would be possible. Instead of that, we only have theories that can all be deconstructed.

Anyway, I love C.Nolan’s movies but searching for THE TRUE THEORY is only a waste of time (but again… I enjoyed wasting my time to read all theories).

Hi Folks, here’s my 2 cents in no particular order:

1- if i had to gamble, i’d take it as self-evident that Lenny ODed his wife with insulin and wound up in an institution himself. My belief is for a few reasons:

A) The scene at the end where Sammy morphs into Lenny (for a split second) in the institution (see photos above). It would seem misplaced to cut in such a cryptic and powerful message/hint if it were untrue. Teddy’s summation/answer of all the questions we had throughout the movie I feel would lose it’s impact/purpose if Teddy was actually lying. I’m of the belief that Teddy was telling the truth in that scene.

B) if you paid close attention, on numerous occasions when we’re viewing Lenny’s flashback of the attack, the directors gave us a hint (through the semi-transparent shower curtain)via Lenny wife’s blinking eyes that she survived.

C) Another hint lies in the things Teddy said to Lenny: “So you lie to yourself, everybody does it.” And his assertion that Lenny removed the pages from the police report, himself. It would be fitting that Lenny (in denial about the overdose) would have removed the parts of the report that stated his wife survived.

2) Sammy was likely a real person that Lenny investigated that was trying to run a scam on him at his job. Lenny infused (lied to himself) by combining Sammy (a pre-attack person from his job experience) with himself, projecting the horror of the overdose onto another person.

Teddy hints at this when he tells Lenny that he knows the story about Sammy, and the “story keeps getting better and better every time he tells it” which hints that the tale gets more distorted every time Teddy hears it.

Another hint that Sammy is in fact Lenny hints in the assertion that Lenny repeats many times in the film that “there’s nothing physically wrong with him, it’s psychological.” and “he should be capable of making new memories.”

IMO, it’s implied that Lenny should be able to make new memories but doesn’t because he’s repressing the overdose, and perhaps his tales about Sammy have grown incresingly far fetched as well because he now has to repress the memories of all the murders he’s commited for Teddy.

I have spent at least an hour reading all the comments. First thing first, this film is in my top 5 movies of all time!

I was hoping that someone noticed the scene where Lenny returns to the Discount Inn, only to realise that ‘Burt’ rented Lenny a second room. After Burt tells Lenny his boss put him up to it because business was slow, Lenny’s reply was “You don’t have to be that honest, Burt” – Although this is a very small funny as hell detail, to me it is the most important. It suggests to me that Leonard is a fake, how did he remember Burt’s name?

Again, my argument for Lenny falsifying his condition was at the end/beginning. After loading his gun and leaving his room, he paused to control the adrenaline before speaking to Burt again for the first time regarding holding his phone calls. Habit and routine guys!!

Also, it seems that Lenny only speaks of Sammy Jenkis over the phone to provoke empathy and to further influence the plausibility of his condition. There was only two other times in the entire film that Sammy’s name was mentioned without it being part of the monologue. The first was in the Cafe with Teddy

“Have I told YOU about Sammy Jenkis?” – A question Lenny asked to confirm who he had spoken to over the phone.

And the second in the abandoned building with Jimmy whispering Sammy’s name.
“How does he know about Sammy?
“You tell everyone about Sammy Jenkis” – This has to be another lie from Teddy, unless the person Lenny would normally speak with over the phone was impersonated, Hence the Tattoo never answer the phone.

With Teddy, He told the truth once. “My Mother calls me Teddy” I can’t explain the photo he had of Lenny.. but in truth, I’ve had pictures taking of me and I can’t remember how, where or when it was taken and I don’t think I have a condition? Teddy did not give Lenny the tampered Police report. It was someone else. Teddy posed as this person, beliving that Lenny had a condition. It was only at the end just before Lenny shot Teddy’s face off that Teddy knew that Lenny was faking it all along.

With Nat, she can only know of Lenny and his *condition* before meeting him through conversations with Jimmy. The plan was to always get rid of Dodd and Lenny would have been the murderer.. Possibly even being murdered afterwards himself by either Jimmy or Teddy

‘She has also lost someone, she will help you out of pitty’ – Remember Lenny wrote this down on the back of the photo after his encounter with Dodd!

Natalie “You know what we have in common… we’re both survivors!”

Obviously we all know the rest of the story, Teddy had other plans and wanted to keep the money himself, get rid of Jimmy and let Lenny be the fall guy for Dodd

Jimmy “I knew I shouldn’t of trusted that Dum fuck”

What we don’t know is what Lenny had said to Dodd for him to leave town? Whatever the circumstances, I’m sure both Lenny & Dodd sang like a bird and an unsurpassed amount of truths were told.

Lenny loved his Wife but couldn’t deal with the reality of her rape. It put a strain on the relationship, he developed a pretend condition to help deal with the pain and frustrations, she felt more lost, committed suicide. Lenny got sent to a ward and kept up the pretence, while he was there he acted out Sammy Jenkins, perfected his routine and yeah…. A classic double-double-double crossed movie – My conclusion sucks but hey, I just needed to add my 2cents!!

Oh before I go there was a comment that I read on here where one of the attackers may have been Sammy Jenkins.. LMAO. Loved it!!!

Hey there everyone. I just watched Memento for the first time and found myself dumbfounded by the supposed profoundness of the movie, in that it was the first movie in a long long time I couldn’t understand in one sitting. I still don’t think I understand it and intend on watching it again with friends to discuss.

I do, however, have a theory. It leaves things even more open ended unfortunately, but it can hold water when more practical and logical thoughts are taken into place. Every memory that Lenny has is fake. He has no wife, he never worked as an insurance investigator, he never met “Sammy” or any of that. If anyone has seen the movie “Ichi the Killer”, you might understand what I’m talking about just a little bit better.

Not to ruin this other movie, but in “Ichi the Killer”, “Ichi”, a deranged serial killer, is tricked via brainwashing to kill countless people on the pretense of them being bullies.

Teddy is a horrible, horrible man. I would rather consider that everything that Lenny remembers is actually just a created memory that Teddy has put into his mind. Its eerie how similar Memento is to Ichi the Killer in that with this theory, they’re almost the same, minus the mind trickery, the backwards story telling, the gore in Ichi the Killer, etc. Its classic “find a crazy person, feed them stories, profit” scenario. Think about it carefully, the picture covered in blood that was given to Lenny under the door showed Lenny with only 1 or 2 tattoos, and him looking about 5-6 years younger than he looked in the movie. He was smiling, happy, and way younger than in any memory that he gave us during the movie, meaning that he killed someone before his wife would have died.

Photoshopping is common, but you can’t tamper with, or destroy a polaroid picture without burning it, like it was said in the movie.
I think i kind of got mixed up in my explanation I suppose… this entire theory is based on “you can’t trust what is heard, only photographic proof”. Basically, take out everything said in the movie and only consider the polaroid pictures, the factual un-tampered with evidence. Assume everything in the movie is “Lenny’s Memory”, which is very well could have been having no scene without being directly related to him, allowing no “3rd person” or omnicient view of the plotline, only what Lenny remembers.

Basically… the memories Lenny perceives are muddled up, but the pictures can’t lie, disproving anything that Lenny would say, and therefore it means that he really doesn’t have any memories of his own because he’s had this problem for a lot longer than its projected in the movie. Going back to the repetition part of the story, and how he consistently is unable to remember certain things that would seem trivial, or “common-place” to the human mind is obvious that he cannot be conditioned at all, he has no ability to learn. However, he most certainly has the ability to forget, and have his own memories muddled with heavily, right at the end where the mere mention of something more sinister by Teddy, the person he listens to the most, causes his entire memory bank to go haywire and lead him to think he killed his wife, she was a diabetic, he was Sammy. He has the capability to be tampered with, but no capability to forget when he’s been tampered with, to learn how not to be tampered with. Lenny is basically an apple: he can’t prevent a worm from eating him.

It sounds mixed up… I’m writing this really late… I’m just trying to add the idea that him repeatedly saying “I don’t know how long she’s been dead” and that he basically doesn’t have any “facts” to back himself up besides the pictures he takes, he really doesn’t have a clue. Teddy has been abusing poor, poor Lenny for a very, very, very long time.

I’ll try to make something up thats better put together later, after I’ve really discussed it with my friends, sorry for my ramblings!
-Chewie

sorry about my spelling my mother tongue isn’t english

@Chewie –
Let me get this straight. You believe this has been going on forever then? Or for a long time anyway? That this memory muddling has been getting worked by Teddy even before the break in occurred? Or that the break in is a contrived memory as well?

If that is the direction you are going I can honestly say your theory is perfect because if physically CAN’T be disproven – since everything is made up – all “facts” just got warped and discredited. A bit unnerving – but I’m sure some people think some of my theories are even more unnerving than yours! haha.

You are doing well though with only having watched it once. See it again and see what you think afterward. I know my perspective on the movie changed dramatically between viewing one and viewing two. Viewing three was a bit of a lost cause… because of the thing with the poodle and the cotton candy. But then on viewing four and five – EUREKA! hehe.

Take care,
taylor

I didn’t think of it before but now I realise that the theory where Lenny convinces himself that there is a John G to give his life purpose and relieve him from guilt for the overdose makes a lot of sense.

I would like to add my share to that theory: In the moment of clarity Lenny has when he chooses to make Teddy his next John G-victim, he doesn’t care that it isn’t for real and that he uses his own condition to his advantage. He writes himself a note to tattoo Teddys liscense plate and drives off knowing that he’s gonna forget what he just did but with a renewed sense of purpose.

In a similar way, I believe that some time after the insulin overdose, Lenny decided he could not live with the guilt (assuming physicians reminded him) and wrote a note to himself: Tattoo over chest “JOHN G RAPED AND MURDERED MY WIFE”, knowing that he would forget that this only was a self-decieving lie. Again with a renewed sense of purpose.

If Lenny confuses elements of his own life with those of Sammy Jankis’, then is it possible that Lenny was a conman himself, as Teddy revealed about Sammy? Then, one could argue that Lenny lives in his own alternate reality which he created in order to justify the loss of his wife. I realize that this sounds like a total stretch, but Lenny worked as an insurance investigator prior to his accident, so he understands the system. Lenny’s wife could have also had diabetes, as Teddy reveals to him at the end. Lenny could have faked his condition after he inadvertently killed his wife due to the insulin overdose. Then, his memories are created as manifestations of his guilt; the idea is that John G. and Teddy are both manifestations of Lenny’s character which he himself resents. John G. is a more exterior manifestation of himself- since John G. killed his wife, Lenny seeks revenge. Teddy is manipulative, and he represents Lenny’s manipulation of the system (as he suspected with Sammy). Both characters are created in Lenny’s mind as a way for Lenny to deal with the guilt surrounding his wife’s accidental death.

When Lenny kills Teddy and John G., the flash of himself with the tattoo and his wife are also produced in his mind, becase he feels that he has absolved himself internally. Since he is with his wife, who is dead, the tattoo signifies that the Lenny has “killed” the manifestations of himself that he resents, and gotten rid of the guilt that plagued him over his wife’s death.

Hi! I just wanted to say ty for making this page. I just finished watching the movie for the first time and I was a bit lost at the end like many others I hope and after reading the 10 steps I am no longer lost.

Did anyone else wonder about the flashback scene where Lenny’s wife is reading in bed and he is bothered by the fact that she is repeating the same action over and over? Naturally, as everything in this movie has been analyzed and appears to contain some symbolic meaning, I assumed that the one significant scene between him and his wife would allude to something much deeper. Any ideas??

I had a roommate that watched this movie every night freshman year in college. Now I watch it whever I cannot find anything else worth it. This is what I have learned from having to watch this countless times. Sorry there are not many answers just some logical conclusions and a bit more questions raised, hopefully my take on it will help someone figure it all out. Sorry if I mistype I am using my Droid.

1. The b&w vs color parts of the film serve as a parallel to a polaroid. The color parts are ‘actual events’ and developed, the black and white are memories and are not. Thus, the color we know is real, the b&w we don’t. The phone scene that is spliced in may seem not fall into memory, but it is Lenny’s memory about Sammy…so, we see that it is undeveloped. This may also have something to do with opening scene and the photo.

2. As stated above Lenny has a faulty (or regular, if you listen to him in the diner) memory system. His condition is psych/mental. Proof of this is the “Remember Sammy Jankis” Tattoo. Sammy is a memory, prior to the point where Lenny cannot remember. So why would he need to tattoo it on him? 2 options, 1) conditioning, 2) Sammy was real (per Teddy’s story), but each time he sees it it remind him to build his mental construct of Sammy. Could the tattoo be to remind him of his condition, I think not. A) he would remember Sammy thus his condition, it might a nice hint, but a tattoo? Seems like a note would do, even if he lost it he would remember quickly. 2) Almost every case of this condition people know they have it, so I know the Nolans know that.

3. The police file is missing pages because either they recorded the OD of Lenny’s wife, that was administered by him or they contained the record of the second attacker. Either way Lenny is the one that tampered with it.

4. Sammy Jankis’ story about the wife and test is Lenny. Sammy did exist, but was a conman. Again, Teddy wasn’t lying.

5. The attack. There might have been 2 attackers, might have been 1, there might have been no attack at all. I think that there was since Teddy and Lenny both agree to it. Also, this probably the even that broke Lenny.

6.”I’ve done it tattoo” Probably the most confusing part. Could Lenny have committed suicide and that was it? Could he have gotten the tattoo prior to the film as a reminder that he killed his wife? Could he have got after killing Teddy?

7. Teddy was truthful, except whenever using Lenny to get the money or avoid Nat getting it. Which means that John G. was used by Teddy in order to get the 200k from Jimmie. John G. may or may not have been the attacker, Teddy or Lenny may have invented him.

8. Lenny has no real condition, he is either faking it or psyching himself into it. I think psych. This is based on the Sammy story. If it is as Teddy says and Lenny seems to recall, then Sammy was just a cheap conman and Lenny busted him. So, Sammy Jankis is not real, he existed, but what we see and hear about him is Lenny. The testing, upset wife, insulin, and mental home were all Lenny. The investigator was probably Teddy.

9. The photo that Teddy shows Lenny is real, it is Teddy’s ace in the hole. Teddy helped Lenny find John G. hoping that after it was done that Lenny would snap back. After that didn’t happen he took the photo so that if Teddy was ever in the situation that he was in when he got shot he could “prove” to Lenny that he had done already.
10. The tattoos. One interesting theory my roommate had was that the tattoo where there not guide and help him, but originally to help him keep his lies straight and condition him.
11. Now I have avoided Natalie, Jimmie, and Dodd. 1) Natalie only serves to flush out the Teddy character. She is only there because of the note that Lenny found ing Jimmie’s pocket. She offers not insight into Lenny or his past. Her motive is not the money, she could have taken it while he was sleeping, she wanted Dodd gone.2) Dodd was only there to link the Natalie story more to the Teddy story. He had nothing to do with Lenny. 3) Jimmie is the interesting one, only because he said “Sammy”. and this is the turd in the punchbowl. Was Lenny really Sammy? Did Jimmie know Sammy, the Real Sammy, who had turned into Lenny. How far did Lenny’s lies to himself go?

Maybe?

Ok, here’s another one about the end/beginning scene, when Lenny confronts Jimmy. Jimmy clearly knows Lenny and knows about him and is kinda amused about it (again, until he gets hit in the head). So, what’s they’re prior relationship?
Also, regarding my earlier question.. watch the scene sequence again and how it cuts back and forth between Jimmy driving up and images of Lenny’s wife. Is this just Lenny remembering his wife and the fact that he is going to kill her ‘killer’? because the way it’s shot, it is like one of those effects where she is responding to the same dialog that is going on with Lenny and Jimmy. Was Jimmy at their home before at some point?
I’m sure there’s no answers.. but man this movie is a mind-twister!

jinx – that’s a good one.. had not thought of that. I like all of these theories, but I wonder if it is more simple and, because Nolan never gives us the straight anwer, we’re left to conjecture more than we should? I would defer to most of you on here, cause again I’ve only seen it twice, but am still enthralled by it.
One problem I see with your theory is that at the end of the film, as he’s writing down Teddys license number, he admits in monologue that he’s lying to himself and he’s going to make Teddy “his John G.” But, if you’re saying he just doesn’t realize it and ‘lucks into it’, then I guess it could still work. But again, that seems to read into it.
I still would like any ideas about the end of the film and the dynamic about Jimmy and Lenny and Natalie. (read my questions in earlier post) Like, how bout this one.. when Lenny is choking Jimmy, it flashes to a scene of his wife being choked. Is he just thinking of the justice he is doing? Or is it a memory of HIM choking her?
Natalie states that one of the causes of Lennys condition is VD.. this is actually correct, herpes specifically. Was his wife cheating on him? like I said, we go crazy cause we don’t get the answers.

Also, another item that I read somewhere else.. assuming everything in the film is there for a reason – is there any connection between Lenny’s handwriting? He writes in block letters everywhere but once – when Teddy tells him not to trust Natalie, he writes that in cursive. Granted, he ends up scrathing it out, but…? The only other cursive writing is the Sammy Jenkis tatoo. What’s the connection? is there one? does something click in Lenny’s brain when it comes to Natalie? Again – is Natalie’s character more pivitol than we realize?

I have a really crazy theory. Teddy is, at times, not actually real, and part of Lenny’s mind. The part that struck me as odd was when Teddy lined up Lenny’s shoes to his own, and, from what I remember, matched up perfectly in size. I also feel that Lenny was a cop prior to the incident, and that Sammy was, in fact, a con artist, whose case Lenny was looking into. Now I know that other characters have openly addressed Teddy while Lenny was present, but I still feel that at certain times, Teddy isn’t actually there; kind of like a corrupted part of Lenny that is based on Teddy.

I’m sure I could come up with more examples to support my completely ridiculous and most likely false theory, but it’s late at night. But one must admit, that however unlikely it may be, it’s fun to seriously consider Teddy as a made up person

Ok, CripKnight..
you win. that’s the craziest one yet. lol.

Sorry, I forgot to read the comments first, seems like you already touched on that. I think you might have also touched on his tattoo “Remember Sammy” I think he used that tattoo to alter his previous memories… Also, to prove that he can actually create new memories over repetition, he knew every time when he talked to someone what condition he had, and how it effected him. He knew at all times his condition and that he would forget it within a few minutes… That was burned into his memory at the institution when they would tell him constantly about it.

This film is complex or we wouldn’t be discussing it. I’m no expert, by any means, but I would like to express my opinion and welcome comments and critique. I think Lenny has mulitple personality disorder that surfaced and/or was flabergasted by the attack on he and his wife. Lenny is Lenny. Lenny is Sammy. And Lenny is Teddy. Lenny is confused and can’t rememer anything for very long because the other personalities step in. Sammy is the personification of all Lenny’s fears. Teddy is the personification of Lenny’s truth and acts as his voice of reason. I think Lenny accidently killed his wife with an insulin overdose and the other personalities were created in an effort to cope. In reality, Lenny is a mass murderer who has a mental illness. He will kill again.

I don’t think there is really any answer at all. I think the entire movie is up for interpretation. Christopher Nolan has always had a good way of doing that. If you watch the more recent ‘Inception’, it ends the same way. Is it real or not? As for the idea that Sammy is Lenny, you can never really know. Lenny says facts always win and memories can be distorted. So when Teddy tells Lenny that he’s Sammy, is he telling the truth or is he distorting Lenny’s memories? There is no proof of either side, so you can never really know. You can say the Sammy is Lenny because that’s the only way he could know how Sammy’s wife died, but in reality, how would anyone know at all? If it was Lenny killing his wife with the insulin shots, he would forget a couple of minutes later before anyone could know. The same would happen if Sammy was a real person. So I believe this is just a hole in the plot.

I think what started his whole killing rampage was the fact that he is sammy, and killed his wife with insulin, but since he forgot he had just given her the insulin he thought someone had broken in and suffocated her. The rape thing can be satiated by them getting jiggy before the insulin shots and Lenny/Sammy not remembering it

Lenny is actually the second Neo after a new anomaly within the matrix surfaces after the saving of Zion. Teddy is still Cypher and attempts to use new-Neo to out Sammy (the new Morpheus)

One problem with this – you said they start with the same scene, but they don’t. The color scene begins – if watched chronologically – at the end of the black and white scene. Therefore, they do not head in separate directions like you said (you said this also). The black and white scenes are previous to the color scenes. Think about the
note on his leg to shave his thigh. In the color scene, he went to his “old room,” which had been switched about a week prior. The note and shaving cream were on the bed. Obvious.

Claire – While you did make good points, I must agree with Josh. And remember a quote from Lenny himself. He said that memories can be misleading and can’t be trusted. “.. they can change the color of a car..” So how can Leonard’s own memories be trusted? He could have conditioned himself to alter his conception of reality. Just because Sammy “couldnt” doesn’t mean he can’t.

lenny cant be sammy because the tattoo artist tells sammy to gtfo while lenny is getting ink. and the multiple car thing wouldnt work out. and trinity looked up sammy’s plates in a dmv database

The literary source interweaves with the movie and gives you a better understanding of the movie. It is sort of like a prequel to the movie itself.

Something left out of all of this commentary is the importance of the scene in the pickup right before Leonard kills Teddy. He has a conversation with himself and says:

“Can I just let myself forget what you’ve told me? Can I just let myself forget what you’ve made me do? You think I just want another puzzle to solve? Another John G. to look for? You’re John G. So you can be my John G… Will I lie to myself to be happy? In your case Teddy… yes I will.”

Add in this quote:

“Sammy Jankis wrote himself endless notes. But he’d get mixed up. I’ve got a more graceful solution to the memory problem. I’m disciplined and organized. I use habit and routine to make my life possible. Sammy had no drive. No reason to make it work.”

And what I get is that Lenny does have anterograde amnesia, Teddy is using him to fleece criminals and drug dealers for cash (ie, he’s a dirty cop), Lenny needs motivation to go on so he intentionally sets himself up to believe he has not yet killed “John G” (in a moment he will forget he fabricated the “evidence” and legitimately believe Teddy is his target).

Excellent article and a joy to read after having seen the movie (again) last night.

It seems to me that the “Verbal Kint” theory is the best one, except that there really were two people, not one that raped Lenny’s wife. So, on the one hand, he and Teddy actually do end up finding and killing the other guy and Lenny used the exact methods employed in the film. So there is a whole other story there, but not really another movie, because in that case there was no twist to the story. Meanwhile, intertwined with that story (perhaps happening before, perhaps after) Lenny kills his wife with an insulin overdose and constructs Sammy to cover over his memories. After all, it is these memories/lies that keep him happy, just as we all tell lies to make ourselves happy. Clearly this is not something that he is incapable of doing since he does it in order to get Teddy.

A great movie to show in a into to philosophy class, especially with Lenny playing with the idea that maybe the world doesn’t exists when we close our eyes. He appears to convince himself that it does…but them maybe not completely an “external” world. After all, by closing his eyes, that is, telling himself a lie generates a new world in which he can find meaning.

A brilliant, brilliant movie that doesntt even come close to Inception.

I agree Michele – I have been lurking here for a while, longer than I remember… and have just had a lot of fun every time another person drops by and throws their two cents out there. Memento is such an epicly wide open move and so disjointedly foreign that it really can go any which way.

I didn’t realize the comments plugin jacked up the readability of the older comments. Need to go fix that pronto. Regardless, would love to hear your comments after you’ve rewatched it again!

Until then,
Taylor

@ claire
Theory 3 can still be plausible. If the certain details of “sammy jenkins” character are in fact meant to be transposed onto Leonards character, then the repeated phrase “his condition was mental, not physical” can also be transposed. Basically I am saying that the pure and constant repetition of that phrase could be done by nolan to highlight that there is nothing wrong with any physical connections or mental capabilities in Leonards head, and therefore if the urge is strong enough the mind still has the potential ability to delude itself.

@ME (sorry only two things confused about.. didn’t mean to put three.)

@Nate
Read my post at the end of page 16. The issue with him definitely being Sammy is that it doesn’t make sense when you factor in the conversation he had with Teddy at the end. There wasn’t any reason for Teddy to lie at that point, so why would Teddy talk about Sammy and say “Sammy didn’t have a wife.” (Another question is how did Teddy even know that? And like I point out in my previous post, why did Jimmy whisper “Sammy.” Obviously Teddy and Jimmy knew about Sammy.) Teddy would have just told Lenny, “There is no Sammy. You’re sammy. Like I’ve told you before but you keep wanting to forget it.”)

I do believe though that when Lenny was describing Sammy, that he was referring to himself and that Lenny definitely did kill his wife with the overdose. It’s as if Lenny himself knew deep down that even his own condition was psychological yet he couldn’t come to grips with it (which would also explain how he knew about the police report. It also explains why he acted like he didn’t know his wife was diabetic … since he was just repressing that whole ordeal to avoid the pain of what happened.)

Read my post though on page 16, because I’m still really confused on the two questions I have there at the end.

hmm I tried to post again.. and I think it’s awaiting moderation because it has some links to some images .. images I took as screen shots from the movie. (or this post is too long:) Here is the post I’m tried to make on page 16 without the images to see if it goes through…..

As a viewer I think we have to take Teddy’s comments at the end as being sincere. You can tell Teddy doesn’t feel in danger at all while in the warehouse with Lenny, so there isn’t any reason for us to assume he’s lying.

So assuming Teddy was telling the truth..

1) There were two attackers and later, with Teddy’s help, Lenny did kill the attacker that got away. Teddy actually seemed really sincere when he said (in affect) “I thought killing him would break you out of it but it didn’t. ” (I’m suspecting Teddy started out with the good intention of really trying to help, but now at this point Teddy was just being corrupt and decided he could use Lenny.)
2) There was a REAL Sammy Jankis, but he was just a con man. (More on this though below)

More than likely, I subscribe to the view Lenny did kill his wife with the insulin. She didn’t die in the attack, as evidenced by the constant clip of her with her eyes blinking while on the bathroom floor – plus the other allusions to him being ‘like’ Sammy Jankis.) I tend to think that Lenny’s condition was also mental (not physical) and his condition was more a result of the grief of the rape vs the head trauma (which would explain how Lenny could condition himself and how he could repress certain things – such as ignoring the fact that he had a tattoo on his chest – that natalie pointed out and we see at the end – that said “I did it.”

It’s interesting how in the movie we don’t see that tattoo [in this scene I removed image link] but I think Natalie sees it when she says “What about here?” and Lenny goes “Maybe that’s for when I find him.” I think you’re supposed to believe it’s really there, but Lenny blocks it out because he’s able to repress that memory to allow his drive of revenge – his meaning to life – to continue. (Unless you are supposed to think he doesn’t put it there until after he kills Teddy? – but I’d suspect he would have donned that tattoo after the first kill of the real John G.)

Side note, the “I did it” tattoo also wasn’t yet over his heart, in this picture that Teddy took of Lenny – presumably at the crime scene where Lenny killed the real John G [image link removed] Note, how he’s pointing to where he’s going to put the tattoo. This means that tattoo was referring to him killing the real killer and not a tattoo to remind him that he killed his wife (with the insulin overdose) as some others have mentioned. It also would confirm that he probably added that tattoo shortly after the first killing.

The two things I’m still most confused about:

1) How does Jimmy know Lenny? Like others have pointed out, he clearly knows him (he even says as such “Yea I remember you” – he even says “Yea memory man.”) My first guess is that Jimmy and Teddy have used Lenny before in the past on another job? Another (but less plausible reason) is that Jimmy somehow was involved with Lenny and his wife in some way. As another poster pointed out, it’s interesting how in the scene were Jimmy pulls up to the warehouse, they pan a few times to Lenny’s wife – first looking out the window, as if someone was pulling up, and then her going outside. Maybe were supposed to think Jimmy has pulled up to the house before? I prefer the first theory though, as this latter one seems like a stretch (why would they be involved with the likes of a Jimmy in the past?)

2) Why does Jimmy whisper “Sammy…” to him? If there never was a real Sammy to begin with (which is what I used to think), then this makes sense since the first thought in the movie is that Lenny was Sammy and there never was a real Sammy. The problem with this is when Teddy says “Sammy was a con man.” “Sammy didn’t have a wife.” Teddy seems sincere when he says it – almost to the tune of “Sammy was a con man that was faking, but you Lenny, you’re really messed up and have this condition.” If there truly was no ‘real’ Sammy then why wouldn’t Teddy just go “sheesh Lenny, how many times do we have to go over this, YOU are Sammy!” Teddy seems to be spilling out as much truthful stuff as he can there in the abandoned house so why would he leave out this information? – why bother even saying “Sammy didn’t have wife?” There wouldn’t be any point to putting on a rouse that a real Sammy existed. So I’m really stumped why Jimmy whispers “Sammy…” Jimmy and Lenny obviously have met before, but even if Lenny did ramble on about Sammy (Teddy: ‘You tell everyone about Sammy’), that wouldn’t explain why Jimmy would say “Sammy” while dying.

(In regard to the shoes, I just think Teddy was being opportunistic… he’s obviously greedy so his character seems like the type that would go “Hmm, not going to leave a pair shoes behind if they might fit me.” It’s a pretty cool scene in a way since it shows Teddy’s character driven by opportunity and greed.)

@James. That pic is right on the first page of this blog so not sure what you’re talking about it not being mentioned.

@Brian…
I definitely believe the condition Lenny is describing when he talks about Sammy is referring to himself… and in fact it was Lenny that killed his wife with the overdose…so in a sense “he was Sammy” however, as I start to point on page 17, I’m not convinced though that there wasn’t “a real Sammy” ( A Sammy that may or may not have had a similar condition.)

The reason I say that is referenced on page 17, but it boils down to the last scene were Teddy says so much stuff “about Sammy.” Even if Lenny (and Dodd) only heard about Sammy from Lenny’s ramblings over the year(s), it wouldn’t make sense that Teddy would bother to “play along” like he did at the end. Teddy says things like “Lenny, Sammy was a con man. He was faker.” and “Sammy never had a wife.” If there really never was some kind of Sammy’ why does Teddy even bother acting is if there was? Why not just say “Teddy, you’re Sammy. There is no Sammy. I tell you this all the time but you never remember it because you’re messed up.” Teddy never says this though.

I still don’t get though why Dodd’s whisper “Sammy” when Lenny is dragging him down the basement half dead? Dodd obviously knew Lenny (I happen to think Dodd and Teddy worked other deals together using Lenny for their criminal needs.), but I can’t figure out why Dodd would whisper “Sammy.” (I’m leaning towards the guess that it was thrown in just to really let you know that Lenny was Sammy – in the sense of they Sammy that Lenny was describing. )

SPOILER ALERT ( SHUTTER ISLAND )

i cant be assed writing anything too long haha but i agree with josh in that i think lenny after realizing he had killed his wife (as in shutter island) he tries to repress his memories and almost becomes mentally unstable.

only thing with this theory is if you believe his wife was diabetic and he actually killed her or not.

There ya go :
The visual map.

http://img205.imageshack.us/img205/4282/visualmapofthefilmmemen.png

@Steph

Sorry that theory doesn’t make sense on a lot of levels but to start with… Why would Sammy go on consciously faking a mental illness and let himself be used by Teddy when he’s been acquitted of murdering his wife? I could see him faking it to get off of the murder rap, but what benefit is it for him to then continue to be faking and to be used Teddy? If Sammy wants to still kill people he no longer needs the whole guise of a fake illness.
Second, the movie shows him faking things while he’s in private. There wouldn’t be any need for him to be consciously faking things in private.

Its simple guys, leos wife survives the rape ,but leos head is slammed in and his memory problem starts.Leo kills his wife soon after over injecting her.Leo is sent to the mental hospital were teddy rescues him and uses him to his own greed after he helps kill the real killer and his greed over comes him.Natalie knows that teddy used leo which is why she keeps saying teddy was involved with her husband/friends murder.

Leo creates the whole samy story, which is basically what really happened to him and his wife.He had a memory problem killed his wife and ended up in the mental house.How ever leo makes this other character sam up to separate reality with this fake sam story with the use of constant repetition telling every single person he meets the story of sammy over and over again.Eventually not even needing the i did it tattoo.

Leos figure in samys fake reality could honestly be tedy.Since the samy story is nothing more than leos past reality he broke off into a story he tells others.

Then who raped leos wife?Well teddy in the heat of the moment spills it all out he died years ago with teddys help.But leo does not want to accept the truth and writes on his picutre “Teddy lies” to avoid the truth hes been avoiding. He finally realizes that no matter how many times he repeats the samy story or attempts to find a imaginary killer teddy is the voice of truth(yes mixed with a little greed),and kills him.At the end he stares at the bloody killing of teddy ONCE MORE TWISTING REALITY WITH repetition. PROBABLY SOON FORGETTING HE KILLED TEDDY!!